Phonological Processes (Patterns)
| Assimilation (Consonant Harmony) One sound becomes the same or similar to another sound in the word |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Process | Description | Example | ||
| Velar Assimilation | non-velar sound changes to a velar sound due to the presence of a neighboring velar sound | kack for tack | ||
| Nasal Assimilation | non-nasal sound changes to a nasal sound due to the presence of a neighboring nasal sound | money for funny | ||
| Substitution One sound is substituted for another sound in a systematic way |
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| Process | Description | Example | ||
| Fronting | sound made in the back of the mouth (velar) is replaced with a sound made in the front of the mouth (e.g., alveolar) | tar for car; date for gate | ||
| Stopping | fricative and/or affricate is replaced with a stop sound | tee for see; chop for shop | ||
| Gliding | liquid (/r/, /l/) is replaced with a glide (/w/, /j/) | wabbit for rabbit | ||
| Deaffrication | affricate is replaced with a fricative | shop for chop | ||
| Syllable Structure Sound changes that affect the syllable structure of a word |
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| Process | Description | Example | ||
| Cluster Reduction | consonant cluster is simplified into a single consonant | top for stop | ||
| Weak Syllable Deletion | unstressed or weak syllable in a word is deleted | nana for banana | ||
| Final Consonant Deletion | deletion of the final consonant of a word | bu for bus | ||
References
Bauman-Waengler, J. A. (2012). Articulatory and phonological impairments. New York, NY: Pearson.
Bernthal, J., Bankson, N. W., & Flipsen, P., Jr. (2013). Articulation and phonological disorders. New York, NY: Pearson.
